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Pakistan studies is a relatively new field of scholarship, which emerged after the country gained independence from British rule in 1947. The earliest academics interested in the subject were Indian scholars, who sought to understand how their newly independent neighbour was shaping itself. In Pakistani universities, it soon became a major field of study with a substantial number of students and scholars. In Pakistan, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan laid the foundation for this discipline by insisting on the need to study local languages and histories in order to truly understand what he called "the people of these lands. In the East, the Indians have been so engrossed in their own interests that they have been unable to look at the East as a whole. This, at any rate, is what I hope that I may achieve in my own humble way." Syed Ahmad Khan established a distinct pattern for higher education in his alma mater Aligarh Muslim University (1875–95), an institution which heralded the birth of Pakistan as an independent nation. In his charge as head of Aligarh he stressed on improving educational standards and taught English as a subject alongside Arabic and Persian. In 1882, he established The Muhammadan Educational Conference which was to play a pivotal role in shaping South Asian society. The organisation established schools and colleges, and created the atmosphere for greater coordination among Muslim educators. The emphasis on English language teaching was to later play a vital role in South Asian politics. The Aligarh movement played an important role in the emergence of Pakistan as an independent state, partly by promoting a modern national identity, which did not rely solely on religion. Before this time, nationalism did not appeal to the Muslims of India; instead, it was during this period that Muslim leaders began making calls for an independent Muslim nation state in India. The call for a separate country gained momentum when the Indian National Congress initiated moves to partition India between Hindu and Muslim majority states. The establishment of Pakistan has created some tension, as some view Pakistan as a secular country, and a challenge to the Islamic identity which had previously been important to the people of India. However, others have argued that the creation of the state was ultimately a just means to achieve a just end – that is, an independent state for Muslims – and was not meant to be part of a campaign towards Islamisation. Pakistan studies is an interdisciplinary subject taught in most secondary schools throughout Pakistan. The subject covers the history, geography, culture, social science and economy of Pakistan from pre-history through its post-independence history from British Colonialism. Pre-partition history is covered in a variety of ways, depending on the grade level of the student. In a Pakistani grade school, a teacher from Pakistan studies might lecture from the National History curriculum. At a post-secondary college level, Pakistani history is taught from various sources including textbooks about pre-partition history and Islamic history. In secondary schools throughout India, however, students study textbooks approved by the Indian government which cover pre-partition history since independence. Most secondary schools in Pakistan teach some form of national geography (geography of Pakistan). cfa1e77820
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